Organic conversions
Class 12 Chemistry — the reagent above the arrow
Haloalkanes
- Alcohol → Haloalkane
- SOCl₂ (or PCl₅ / HX)
- Haloalkane → Alcohol
- aq. KOH
- Haloalkane → Alkene
- alc. KOH
- Haloalkane → Nitrile
- alc. KCN
- Haloalkane → Amine
- alc. NH₃, heat
- Haloarene → Phenol
- NaOH, 623 K, 300 atm
Alcohols & phenols
- Alkene → Alcohol
- H₂O/H⁺ (Markovnikov)
- Alkene → Anti-Markovnikov
- B₂H₆ then H₂O₂/OH⁻
- 1° Alcohol → Aldehyde
- PCC
- 1° Alcohol → Acid
- KMnO₄/H⁺
- 2° Alcohol → Ketone
- PCC or CrO₃
- Phenol → Salicylaldehyde
- CHCl₃ + NaOH (Reimer–Tiemann)
- Phenol → Salicylic acid
- CO₂ + NaOH (Kolbe)
Carbonyls
- Acid → Acid chloride
- SOCl₂
- Acid chloride → Aldehyde
- H₂/Pd–BaSO₄ (Rosenmund)
- Nitrile → Aldehyde
- SnCl₂/HCl then H₃O⁺ (Stephen)
- Aldehyde → Alcohol
- NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄
- Carbonyl → Alkane
- Zn-Hg/HCl (Clemmensen) · NH₂NH₂/KOH (Wolff–Kishner)
- Aldol condensation
- dil. NaOH — needs α-H
- Cannizzaro
- conc. NaOH — no α-H
Amines
- Nitro → Amine
- Sn/HCl or H₂/Pd
- Amide → 1° Amine (one C less)
- Br₂/KOH (Hofmann)
- Nitrile → 1° Amine
- LiAlH₄ or H₂/Ni
- Aniline → Diazonium
- NaNO₂ + HCl, 273–278 K
- Diazonium → Phenol
- H₂O, warm
- Diazonium → Halide
- CuCl / CuBr (Sandmeyer)
- Diazonium → Azo dye
- Phenol / aniline, coupling
Distinguishing tests
- Aldehyde vs ketone
- Tollens' (silver mirror) · Fehling's (red ppt)
- Methyl ketone
- Iodoform test — I₂/NaOH, yellow ppt
- 1° / 2° / 3° amine
- Hinsberg test
- Phenol
- Neutral FeCl₃ — violet colour
- Carboxylic acid
- NaHCO₃ — effervescence
Standard CBSE Class 12 Organic Chemistry conversions. Check anything you are unsure of against NCERT before you rely on it.